综合点评

本次阅读考试考察的均为 href="http://www.igo99.cn/toefl/yuedu/" 托福阅读的常考话题，生物学科类考了两篇，备考课选用TPO中相关阅读。

Passage one

学科分类

题目

生物科学

Learning standard test set

内容回忆

测试不同种类动物智商。不同物种智商不一样，这是通过测试学习能力评估。首先举例猴子和另一动物的对比试验。图形选择，选三角形给奖励。另外一组实验也是圆和多边形。通过大量实验测评。后研究表明动物脑大智商比较高。这个测试具有参考性后有另一个实验室是区分黑白。后提到process difference 不能说明学习能力。海豚在某实验能力很低但把图形换成声音就很好 说明process difference不可避免

参考阅读

TPO30 第一篇

Passage two

学科分类

题目

政治

中世纪欧洲政府变革

内容回忆

宗教影响力变小，政府管辖范围变大。法国等国家建立了nation的定义 国界变得清晰（有题）荷兰英国建立国会具有立法权。贵族地位下降官僚体系上升 但不存在取代关系。举了变化原因（有题） 后说中国例子，商业发展政府收税 对语言加强统一性。例子：法国路易十四。后提及其他方面的统一性

参考阅读

TPO19 第一篇

Passage three

学科分类

题目

生物

鸟类应对食物短缺

内容回忆

鸟类食物短缺原因：1.小虫冬天会躲进泥淖 鸟类够不着2.食物营养不够

所以鸟会更换食物，但在这个阶段十分脆弱。

后提到小鸟体脂少所以不吃容易死，大鸟体脂多消耗少能支撑一周左右（有题）

再有提到鸟类的储蓄食物 过冬等等（有题）

参考阅读

TPO17第三篇

所考词汇

master=skillfully，at solving problem，hierarchy = ranking，rudimentary=simple, to a degree=to some extent ，initiate=introduce， exceptional=extraordinary，install=put in place，valid=well founded,lost favor=does not preferred ,master，

综合点评

这次考试从部分考生反映情况来看，听力难度适中，请考生坚持用TPO中相关练习备考。

Conversation 1

话题分类

询问场景

内容回忆

女生没有仔细看通知记错活动信息，物理课后也没有遇见熟人提起活动的事所以完全不知道自己记错了，职员告诉她活动不错，女生比较遗憾。职员说把票卖给了其他人，所以她可以用钱买周末的。

参考听力

TPO14 conversation1

Conversation 2

话题分类

学术讨论场景

内容回忆

学生问关于某星球存在生命迹象的相关问题。教授回答有两个重要因素：1离太阳近2 星球年龄，最近有新学说一星系中有两颗星有生命迹象。后提及这星球名字有故事。

参考听力

TPO5 lecture2

Lecture 1

话题分类

艺术史

内容回忆

现实派发展到抽象派画风，抽象派的画没有特定具体轮廓所以观众对色彩反映感受较强，一个既是音乐家又是画家的人的贡献很大。把音乐和颜色相结合。教授本不感冒这一现象，但某实验后觉得有科学性 还是可信的。

参考听力

TPO8 lecture2

Lecture 2

话题分类

人文地理

内容回忆

恐龙灭绝是因为彗星撞击地球还是火山爆发。观点一认为地质层发现Ir元素相关证据，加上时间吻合所以，陨石带来环境冲击造成恐龙灭绝。教授支持观点二认为火山爆发更加合理。

参考听力

TPO

Lecture 3

话题分类

人文历史

内容回忆

太平洋三角区域。争论远古时代是南美，印度洋群岛人还是欧洲人先接触它。部分支持前者，原因：板块运动。后说了sweetpotato怎么传到印度洋群岛 说法一：通过欧洲说法二美洲；后对比论据觉得说法二更合理 然而需要进一步探究

参考听力

TPO7 lecture3

Lecture 4

话题分类

生物

内容回忆

共生关系。

把某物种丢放池中，产卵于藻类有共生关系。新生物质依附藻类的情况下两者的生长都更强壮。以前没有发现现在发现了主要因为探究仪器更理想能看到其内部结构。学生问为什么卵的免疫系统不攻击藻类教授解释1.免疫系统发育不全2.抗体太少

参考听力

Tpo15 lecture4

综合点评

整体难度一般，通过合理的回答结构和充分的训练，考生可以有不错的发挥。

Task1

考题回忆

If your university is going to invite someone to give a speech, who do you think they should invite? A businessman, a scientist or a politician?

话题分类

Familiar topics

解题思路

可根据个人喜好回答，且适合用对比的方式来阐述。比如选择a scientist，理由可以是：1.大学生可以从a scientist上学到有益的东西，从而造福社会；2.a businessman/politician带有太强的个人目的性不利于大学生树立健康的价值观。

参考范文

If I could decide which one could be invited to give a speech in my university among the three, I would definitely go for the scientist. On one hand, a scientist is keen on academic study to make the world a better place. That’s something I believe university students should learn from. He could talk about some latest researches about environment protection and that’s very valuable information for students who want to benefit the society. On the other hand, a businessman or a politician often takes too many personal interests with them, one with making profits and the other, campaign needs. I personally don’t think they will help university students with their values.

录音

配有录音

Task 2

考题回忆

If you have a misunderstanding with your friend, do you prefer talking it out in a public place or in a private place?

话题分类

Familiar topics

解题思路

任何一方都可以选择，只要给出合理理由，比如选择talk it in a private place：1.更礼貌；2.更有效。

参考范文

When I have a misunderstanding with one of my friends, I usually talk to him about it privately, and I have several reasons for that. To begin with, I believe it’s more polite to do so. If the problem is revealed in public, there is a possibility that my friend will feel embarrassed, and I don’t want to place him in an awkward position. Moreover, talking in a private place will make it more effective to solve the misunderstanding. As the two parts are in a comfortable and relaxed environment, it’s just easier for us to communicate our true feelings, thus fixing the problem. That’s why I think a private place would be better.

录音

配有录音

Task 3

考题回忆

阅读部分

学校计划在周六开商务课并降低学费。

听力部分

女生同意。理由：1.很多全职工作的学生有机会上这门课；2.减轻了学生的经济负担。

话题分类

Campus situation

解题思路

先概述阅读部分的建议内容，再表达的观点，然后分别阐述她的两个理由。

参考范文

The main idea of the reading passage is that the university is planning to offer business class on Saturdays while at the same time lower the tuition fee. In the conversation, the woman agrees with the plan, and she has two reasons. The first reason is that a lot of students who take business class also work full-time. Since the business class will now be offered on Saturdays, it means it's more possible for students who work full-time to take the class. As for the second reason, she points out that lowering the tuition fee will benefit many students because it makes it possible for more students to take the class. They will be able to afford it. That’s why the woman totally supports the pan.

录音

配有录音

Task 4

考题回忆

阅读部分

一个概念：loss aversion。

听力部分

教授举例:对买东西损失的十美元躩而不舍，对送的十美元却不感兴趣。

话题分类

Academic contents

解题思路

先解释术语的概念，再阐述教授给的例子来印证概念。

参考范文

The reading passage reveals the concept of “loss aversion”, which means people tend to be more sensitive about the money or property that they’ve lost. In the lecture the professor offers us an example to illustrate it. He once went to a supermarket and bought 20 dollars worth of food, but the cashier made a mistake and charged him 30 dollars instead. When the professor realized the mistake, he decided to drive all the way back to the supermarket to get his 10 dollars back. But a couple of days later, his friend told him that a new cafe in town was giving 10 dollars to whoever was willing to try their new coffee, but the professor just wasn't interested in going at all.

录音

配有录音

Task 5

考题回忆

对话里女生遇到的问题是周末的坏天气给计划好的露营活动带来不便。现在有两种解决方案:第一种是延迟露营活动；第二种是坚持原计划并带上雨具。

话题分类

Campus situation

解题思路

先复述问题，解决方案；然后在两个方案中选择一个并阐述理由。

参考范文

The woman's problem is that she's the president of the camping club and she's supposed to take everyone camping this weekend, unfortunately the weather report said that it was going to rain. There are two possible solutions. The first one is to postpone the trip and go camping next weekend instead. And the second solution is to go this weekend and remind everyone to bring a raincoat. If I were in her shoes, I'd go for the first solution because her club members would probably understand since it's not really something within her control. I personally don't recommend the other solution because if it really rains, the members will have to stay inside the tents. There is no point of going camping if they can't even go outside.

录音

配有录音

Task 6

考题回忆

讲座中教授讲述了热带雨林支撑生物的多样性的两个原因：温暖的气候和顶层的遮盖。

话题分类

Academic contents

解题思路

先说主题，再阐述主题下面的两个分论点。

参考范文

In the lecture, the professor has talked about two characters of rainforest to support the living diversities there. The first one is the warm climate. Orchids are provided as an example here. They are pretty sensitive to the temperature. As a result orchids can hardly survive the cold environment, but since the climate in the rainforest is relatively warm, the orchids can grow very well there. The other character is about canopy. The canopy created by layers and layers of leaves in the rainforest blocks the sunlight, so the environment on the ground is quite different from the environment over the canopy. A plant that can survive at that height will die once it falls onto the ground.

录音

配有录音

综合点评

本次写作题目与之前难度持平。综合写作听力部分注意收集针对阅读相应问题提供的解决方法，细节尽量详尽。独立写作是环保类的话题，从其它能够有助于环境保护的方式思路入手，更容易形成理由段。

综合写作

话题分类

阅读提出某种做法会导致的问题，听力提供解决之道。属于“问答类”题型。

考题回忆

总论点

犀牛数量锐减，科学家将其关在笼子里。阅读指出这样做会导致三方面的问题，听力反驳并提出解决方案

阅读部分

阅读文章说了三点：

第一点此举造成母犀牛不孕；

第二点犀牛经常在harder surface表面走，会导致脚部疾病；

第三点此举会导致大脑紊乱

听力部分

听力不认同阅读的观点。

第一， 不孕可以通过改变饮食调节犀牛的激素。动物园里的食物alfalfa 和hay太多了，导致激素的不平衡，缺少两种激素。只要补充在食物里即可恢复；

第二， 有先进的radio graphic image设备，可以照骨骼和组织的照片。早发现可以早治疗，治疗痊愈的几率更大。

第三， 小犀牛会得这种病是因为它的生母太老了。老犀牛会分泌toxic chemical elements,从而导致了疾病。只要让年轻的犀牛生育就可以了。

解题思路

综合写作基本框架思路。注意转述内容时侧重于听力部分，且以表意清晰为上。

参考范文

综合写作参照(考场回忆信息量有限，仅供参考)

The professor explained three ways to better look after the captive rhinos, each of which has successfully addressed the problems mentioned in the reading passage concerning infertility, foot diseases, and brain disorder.

First, the professor pointed out that feeding rhinos too much hay and alfalfa should be one of the reasons to lead to infertility. This problem can be directly manipulated by altering the rhinos’ diets. Once the female rhinos could get a valid way of supplementing necessary hormones, they can regain their fertility. This measure had been proven very effective in addressing the first problem mentioned in the reading –captive rhinos had serious fertility problems.

Second, the reading showed that rhinos always walk on some hard surface, which could be the common cause of foot disease. The lecturer explained that the advanced radio graphic image equipment can help the crews take the image of the sick rhino’s bones and tissues so that the foot diseases can be detected early and managed. And early detection and treatment can significantly increase the chance of survival. As a result of this, the second problem highlighted in the reading concerning foot disease had been significantly addressed.

The professor’s last point concerned the final problem raised in the reading material –young rhinos were likely to suffer from a kind of brain disorder. The speaker argued that this situation only happened when the rhino which gave the birth was very old. Usually, a too old female rhino would secrete toxic chemical elements when they were giving birth. Therefore, this problem can be worked out particularly well by making the younger rhinos bear the responsibility of reproduction.

本篇范文可以借鉴的模板

The professor explained three ways to ______________, each of which has successfully addressed the problems mentioned in the reading passage concerning______, ______, and_______.

First, the professor pointed out that___________________. This measure has proven very effective in addressing the first problem mentioned in the reading – ____________________.

Second, the reading showed that______________________. The lecturer explained that______________________. As a result of this, the second problem highlighted in the reading concerning ________has been significantly addressed.

The professor’s last point concerned the final problem raised in the reading material –

_______________. The speaker argued that______________________________.

独立写作

话题分类

环保类话题。因为命题中有should, 如果加个only进入命题，那么更能够感觉到题目中可以形成极端观点，从而使用驳论结构展开。

考题回忆

Some companies provide important products or service, but also damage environment. Some people believe that government should require more penalty, higher tax and larger fine of these companies, while others believe there are better ways. Which do you prefer?

解题思路

环保类话题。考虑使用驳论结构，肯定罚款具有一定的震慑作用，但是罚款的不是最有效的也不能解决根本问题，并提供其它有效方式以及作用影响即可。

参考范文

Nowadays, human beings are facing an issue of environmental degradation and pollutant emission by some companies is to blame for many of these problems. Some people put the blame on those irresponsible companies and claim that the most effective solution for the government is to impose harsh penalties on violators. I’m not denying that environmental protection should be the government’s top priority. However, to my understanding, there should be more efficient practices for the government to take to protect our environment, such as to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution, to invest more on researching new energy sources, and to protect forests and natural wildlife species.

Indeed, more penalty, higher tax and larger fine of these pollutant corporation could be a deterrent to some extents. Considering a large fine for causing pollution, these companies might start to make great efforts in technical innovation and figure out ways to reduce the amount of pollution. However, a government should not expect to solve this problem only with heavy fines. The problem can't be eradicated entirely. On the contrary, these problems are likely to grow far worse in coming years. These companies may choose to produce more products to balance the loss, which means they would burn more gas and emit more pollution. In this case, the government will be confronted with more serious environment problem, such as the scarcity of traditional energy sources, global warming, and pollution as well. Therefore, depending too much on penalties is actually not a good way.

However, in order to protect the environment, there are other options available. For instance, funding research studies on new energy sources is important because the pervasion of clean energy could help reduce the emission of waste gas and other types of pollution in the future. For example, exhaust from cars is the major source of air pollution. If clean energy could replace petrol, cars could be powered by solar energy. The development of new energy and application of solar energy will cause no harm to environment.

Moreover, the main cause of the environment issue is that there is a comparative lack of strong laws and supervisions to reduce the pollution. In order to minimize the amount of pollution, the most urgent need is to enforce laws and make sure that large-scale industries and individuals follow the laws. Take the air pollution in Beijing for example. Beijingers have been suffering from the haze, also known as PM 2.5 for a long time. According to a recent survey, the haze is mainly caused by the waste gas emission from vehicles and large-scale industries in areas surrounding the city. If there could be laws and supervisions to limit the number of cars and the amount of waste that factories are allowed to produce per day, I believe that the air pollution problem could be solved to a large extent, which definitely contributes the most to our environment, at least for now.

Based on the above discussion, I’m mostly in disagreement with taking harsher penalties for companies to reduce the pollution, since there are better alternatives which can help achieve the goal.