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小编:环球教育整理 469托福考试听说读写四项中,你认为最简单的是哪一项呢?如果托福君没有猜错的话,应该是阅读。因为我们学习英语时,阅读所占的比重和时长是最大的,理所应当大家的阅读水平都棒棒哒。有一个好的阅读基础,再辅以专门的解题技巧,阅读满分就是你!
今天要讲的,是托福阅读考试技巧的核心所在——定位。
首先要弄清楚为什么定位最重要?
其一,阅读读的是文章,文章的读法除了精读,还有略读、扫读、跳读等方法。文章的重要信息需要精读,次要信息则有选择地读。选择读什么信息,就要定位到什么信息,所以定位就是用来帮助我们快速准确地找到想要读的信息的方法。
其二,由于托福阅读考试时间紧张,每篇文章只有20分钟的时间,我们根本无法做到先通读整篇文章然后再做题,而是只能先读题目再定位回原文,如此看来,定位岂非是最重要最大的技巧了。
那么我们该如何选取题干中合适的定位词呢?
一言以蔽之,我们要选择显眼的词。比如:
1>专有名词,即首字母大写的人名、地名、国家名。
首字母大写的词在一段文字中可谓鹤立鸡群,非常显眼。
如William Smith,Washington, England等。
2>数字、年代或特定的历史时期。
无需多说,数字直接拿来定位,一眼就找回原文。比如the 1830s。
特定的历史时期是什么呢,比如说Italian Renaissance(意大利文艺复兴时期),the Ming dynasty(中国的明朝)等,都是特定历史时期,这些词也是以大写字母开头哦。
3>最高级和比较级。如the most significant development,the greatest development, more…than, greater than等。最高级和比较级的形式也是容易找到的词语。
4>特殊的、偏僻的、少见的词。就是那些平时你根本用不到也背不到的词汇。比如说,serpentine soil,这应该是某种类型的土壤,至于到底是什么土壤,who cares,你只需要用它来快速定位就好啦。
以上这些类型的词都是相对比较容易快速找到的显眼的词,但如果题干中没有这一类型的词又该怎么办呢?
如此我们就需要选用具体的名词来做定位词,这里的具体名词有两层意思:
一是要选取名词而非动词或形容词,这是因为名词的近义词相对较少,而动词和形容词的近义词有很多,很容易被同义替换掉。比如difficult很容易被hard替换掉,如果我们选取difficult做定位词,还要时刻关注文中与其近义的其他形容词,增添了不必要的麻烦。
二是要选取具体名词而非概括性名词。那么什么样的词是概括性名词呢?比如change,变化,就是一个概括性名词,文中可能提到了关于某个事物的具体改变,但不一定会出现change这个概括性的词,因此change并不适合做定位词。类似的词还有很多,比如effect,result,feature,requirement等。
那么,选择具体名词作定位词就真的万无一失了吗?并不会。因为名词也是有近义词的,定位词也是可以转化的。下面,我们就来具体谈谈定位词的转化问题。请看以下例题:
Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta—a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands.
According to paragraph 3, images of Mars’ surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that…
我们可以选择具体名词image做定位词,但回到原文会发现一个image的同义词view,并且view所在的这句话才是答案句所在。也就是说,这道题考察了定位词的转化问题,题目难度有所加大。遇到这样的题目,我们需要细心一些,不放过任何一个被转化的定位词。
以上就是关于定位词的选择问题。那么,既然定位技巧这么重要,是不是可以帮助我们一步定位到答案句呢?对于简单的题目,当然可以。但是ETS并没有那么好心,一定还有难题在等着你对不对?
接下来我们就来看看定位转移问题。
请看例题:
Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).
According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because
√ They began using a material that made the statues weigh less
√ They found a way to strengthen the statues internally
√ The aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time
√ The cannonballs added too much weight to the statues
题干中有适合用于定位的大写的专有名词Italian Renaissance,我们通过这个词定位回原文的第六行,读完整句话,发现该句并不能回答题干所问的问题,即该句并非答案句,此时我们只能继续往下读文章,直到该段最后一句话,才最终锁定答案句,这就叫定位转移。多读了两三句话有木有?细节题就是这样变难的!
有没有发现,一个小小的定位词的选择,也有大大的道理在里面。同学们还需要自己多多体会和总结哦。
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