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　　GRE阅读题目解析:美国农业土地资源问题

　　P4

　　The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890‘s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier -- that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. Actually, however, new lands were taken up for farming in the United States throughout and beyond the nineteenth century. The emphasis of the presumed disappearance of the American frontier obscured the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century. Huge tracts of land were being settled and farmed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and in the American West, and these areas were joined with one another and with the countries of Europe into an interdependent market system. Consequently, agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope, and they struck several nations whose internal frontiers had not vanished or were not about to vanish. Between the early 1870‘s and the 1890‘s, the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets. (198 words)

　　8. The author is primarily concerned with

　　(A) showing that a certain interpretation is better supported by the evidence than is an alternative explanation

　　(B) developing an alternative interpretation by using sources of evidence that formerly had been unavailable

　　(C) questioning the accuracy of the evidence that most scholars have used to counter the author‘s own interpretation

　　(D) reviewing the evidence that formerly had been thought to obscure a valid interpretation

　　(E) presenting evidence in support of a controversial version of an earlier interpretation.

　　9. According to the author, changes in the conditions of international trade resulted in an

　　(A) underestimation of the amount of new land that was being famed in the United States

　　(B) underutilization of relatively small but rich plots of land

　　(C) overexpansion of the world transportation network for shipping agricultural products

　　(D) extension of agrarian depressions beyond national boundaries

　　(E) emphasis on the importance of market forces in determining the prices of agricultural products

　　10. The author implies that, after certain territories and countries had been joined into an interdependent market system in the nineteenth century, agrarian depressions within that system

　　(A) spread to several nations, excluding those in which the internal frontier remained open

　　(B) manifested themselves in several nations, including those in which new land remained available for farming

　　(C) slowed down the pace of new technological developments in international communications and transportation

　　(D) affected the local and national prices of the nonagricultural products of several nations

　　(E) encouraged several nations to sell more of their agricultural products on foreign markets

　　11. The author‘s argument implies that, compared to the yearly price changes that actually occurred on foreign agricultural markets during the 1880‘s, American farmers would have most preferred yearly price changes that were

　　(A) much smaller and in the same direction

　　(B) much smaller but in the opposite direction

　　(C) slightly smaller and in the same direction

　　(D) similar in size but in the opposite direction

　　(E) slightly greater and in the same direction

　　P4

　　1

　　The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890‘s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier -- that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.

　　历史学者 F 于 1890 年代写道，自 1870 年起就土地问题产生的日益严重的不满情绪，在美国国内边界被关闭后，突然加速升级 —— 也就是说，可供美国农业系统扩张的，新的土地资源已经耗尽。

　　(agrarian 土地的，耕地的

　　precipitate 使突然发生，使加速)

　　2

　　Actually, however, new lands were taken up for farming in the United States throughout and beyond the nineteenth century.

　　然而，实际上整个十九世纪及之后的美国，一直有新的土地被用作农业开发。

　　3

　　The emphasis of the presumed disappearance of the American frontier obscured the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century.

　　美国(国内)开发进度的停滞完全基于推测，单强调这一点掩盖了十九世纪后半，一系列国际贸易条件和影响的改变的重要意义。

　　(frontier 一般只国界、边境，也可以指(某地区内部)已开发地区的边界、欠发达地区。

　　从前面论述的内容，我们大致可以推断，本文在讲农村的不满情绪而不是领土争端，那么 American frontier 肯定不是美国或美洲的外部国界。frontier 消失，可以理解为一个国家内部没有新的土地可供农业开发，我把它意译为农业 “ 开发进度的停滞 ”，不再继续推进了 。

　　作者写到这里，用证据反驳了学者 F 的观点，frontier 没有关闭，也就暗示着农民的不满情绪有其他原因。后半段文章作者会提出他对这种不满情绪的解释。)

　　4

　　Huge tracts of land were being settled and farmed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and in the American West, and these areas were joined with one another and with the countries of Europe into an interdependent market system.

　　在阿根廷，澳洲，加拿大和美国西部，大片土地被殖民和开垦，这些地区和欧洲国家共同组成了一个互相依存的市场体系。

　　5

　　Consequently, agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope, and they struck several nations whose internal frontiers had not vanished or were not about to vanish.

　　因此，农业萧条不再限于某地区或国家，进而波及了若干国内土地资源尚未耗尽或不会耗尽的国家。

　　6

　　Between the early 1870‘s and the 1890‘s, the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets. (198 words)

　　1870 年代早期到 1890 年代，美国高涨的农村不满情绪，伴随着美国农业产品在国际市场上价格几乎不间断的下跌。